This comment was chosen by moderator HS from the post “Ramin Mazaheri interviewed by Sputnik on US breaking JCPOA” . The moderator felt the comment is a take on the breaking of the Iran deal by the US that adds an interesting dimension.
The US only looks like a crackpot in this affair because none of the parties involved will say what the actual problem is: Money.
The “Iran Nuclear Deal” had bugger all to do with Iran building nukes. Iran wasn’t building nukes and they all knew it. The deal was all about …. the reward for not building the nukes they weren’t building: i.e. lifting the US sanctions and opening up fantastic investment opportunities.
But Iran trades in any currency except USD. That’s it. No US dollars. Full stop. It’s why the US sanctioned them in the first place. It’s why the negotiations took 9 years – Iran does not trade in US dollars – EVUH. (Those guys know how to hold a grudge.)
So pre-deal, it was barter and rubles with Russia, barter and rupees with India etc. Since the sanctions were lifted it’s …. drum roll…. Euros! Now trade, deals and debt repayments to/with Iran is in Euros.
That’s what Trump is referring to when he whines “They violated the spirit of the deal” and “It’s a very bad deal for the US.” Yes – it is.
It’s a nice deal for Iran (they can trade and prosper.) It’s a nice deal for trading partners (they can trade and invest.) It’s an especially nice deal for the EU (they get trade and invest AND all the dealing is in their currency!) Big big smiles in EU – this is real “money-for-nothing.” Everyone else trading with Iran is buying and selling Euros to do that trading, and because the Euro is their own currency – they don’t have to pay to buy/sell Euros. Nice biiiig savings – cherry on the cake there.
But the US gets squat! Because they don’t trade with Iran (well, some pipsqueak stuff) AND … they’re not getting all the cross-border transaction fees because the trade is not in USD. …. 9% every time dollars are bought or sold – that’s a helluva lot of just-print-more they just aren’t getting!
So what the US is doing is trying to force Iran’s trading partners to pay them in fines the billions they would have been getting had all this wheeling and dealing been going on in USD. (The billions that are going to the EU instead.)
Rhetoric is just noise.
Follow the money!
Dmity Orlov have something to say about this issue >>>
“The US pulled out of Iran Nuclear Deal because it’s too broke”
http://cluborlov.blogspot.com.br/2018/05/the-us-pulled-out-of-iran-nuclear-deal.html
and here the same article, translated to portuguese >>
“EUA pularam fora do Acordo Nuclear do Irã porque estão terminalmente falidos, por Dmitry Orlov”
http://blogdoalok.blogspot.com.br/2018/05/eua-pularam-fora-do-acordo-nuclear-do.html
Aha!
OK.
And of course the basic reason behind the Iraq War, or one of the biggies, was Iraq’s opening an oil exchange in euros.
That is not allowed!!!
You must use our dollars, you naughty countries, and if you don’t we will kick your sand in your face.
Katherine
Big grin here….. but the problem (for the US) is actually a bit bigger than just the sulks. Quite a big bit bigger….
Okay – how does it work….
Australia buys lamb from New Zealand.
So Oz buys USD to pay to NZ. NZ sells those US dollars to buy their own dollars. Absolutely daft – you could stand on the coast of Oz and probably spit on NZ – but they buy and sell USD to trade because …. international trade is in US dollars.
Global trade is estimated to be somewhere in the $65-70 Trillion per annum range.
US trade is (pewresearch) $4 trillion. This 4 trillion involves buying or selling USD. In an American-perfect-world where the USD is the only reserve currency the remainder involves both buying and selling USD. That is an annual income to the US of $10+ trillion dollars a year just because countries are using their money to trade: quite literally money-for-nothing. “Just print more.” And this was kinda 100% the case until this century.
To understand the extent of this, look around you where you are sitting: a cellphone, a pen, a clock, a cup of coffee, almost everything…. rare earths from this country, plastic from another, metal bits from a third, coffee from S/America, the cocoa in the chocolate you’re nibbling on from Africa, it’s sugar from somewhere else, preservatives from who knows where – almost everything crossed at least one border to get to you. That means, when you bought it – you also paid America for it. ;-)
This is what makes America the exceptional country, its people the exceptional people. It made them the richest country ever, with the greatest economy, the mightiest military machine this world has ever seen etc etc …. and allowed them to lose $21T dollars for no-never-no-mind. [*Redacted Tonight – worth the watch.] They prospered and grew rich and fat – – – just because 7 billion people exist and buy’n sell things. No other country has this and they know the value of it – if any country steps out of line they are sanctioned and/or destroyed.
There are 4 countries left that don’t trade in the US dollar. They are: Cuba, Syria, North Korea and Iran. Ring a bell? (National banks.) And Iraq is still paying, Libya still a ruin.
But in 2012 a change happened that the US couldn’t contain with sanctions or airstrikes…. China and Russia quite literally declared war on the dollar. These two are too big to sanction effectively – and far too powerful to just go bomb. Sept 6th, China announced all was in place for any country in the world to trade oil in yuan and Russia signed up the very next day. The world didn’t notice, far as I could see 2 American senators did and they screamed blue bloody murder attack fall of the dollar! etc. But no-one listened – it was Benghazi you see. (And I’m guessing the timing wasn’t a coincidence.)
Since then these two have built up trade deals between themselves and with a whole bunch of countries and an alphabet soup of trading/banking groups (BRICS, SCO, CIS, EAEU, AIIB, NDB blah blah) all dealing in “own currencies” where they can and dollars where they must. To which you can add the EU doing it’s own thing and China’s recent introduction of a very attractive convertible to gold yuan for trading oil. … Already 20-30% of money crossing borders is no longer crossing in dollars and that number grows with every deal Russia and China make. That represents a substantial cut in America’s exceptionalism – their “just print more” machine is grinding down.
But America needs that money – she can no longer survive without it. She puts a stop to this trend and she reverses it or the hegemon dies, possibly the US itself. She needs a real war to do that. One that puts her on an official war footing … and all the rules change.
Russia and China can prevent her provoking a war – but they can’t stop her starting one. An’ far as I can see the US hasn’t left herself any other viable option. It’s war or die.
“All wars are bankers’ wars.”
*Redacted Tonight
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybgfY2XRAlg
If the American and British elites realized that the Anglo-American-Israeli unipolar world empire was dying, what could stop said elites from changing nationalities overnight and then attempting to build another unipolar empire – This time from the European Union?
The Chinese yuan?
Can’t say I think a yuan empire would be much better (but at least it’s into building not bombing overseas) but the trend is towards trading/dealing in “own currencies.” It would create a more equitable system if nations were paid for what they export in their own currencies…. persuade big-deficit importing freeloaders to work a little harder?
Just read another article in this regard:
“Half of China’s total trade to be settled in yuan by 2020 – HSBC CEO”
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-yuan-offshore/half-of-chinas-total-trade-to-be-settled-in-yuan-by-2020-hsbc-ceo-idUKKBN0MM0EL20150326
And what about Israel ? How Israel fits in all this mess. As I can see, it’s Israel bombing and killing people of the M. East and is sulked sooo much. That coup in Ukraine was also done by Israeli zionists. Helping their buddies like Sheldon Adelson ?
@Robin.
Where does Israel fit in? It doesn’t. Israel is a highly belligerent, vicious and yet terrified little pipsqueak that is important only because it is the absolutely certain US foothold in the ME and therefore backed to the hilt by the US MIC. The US will support her absolutely and unconditionally as long as she needs that foothold. Should the day come when she no longer needs it (say an economic collapse forces her off the world stage and back within her own borders) she will do what she does to all allies she no longer needs – she’ll drop it like hotcake.
Israel knows this – which is why they’re always sucking up to Russia – in between bombing Syria. … Israel is nearly big enough to be a postage stamp. The US Empire falls – she’ll be just as important as one too.
Cat Pillar, you have made superb comments, you write well, you’ve given me another perspective on these issues, and you’ve succeeded in presenting a grim subject as funny. Israel about as important as a postage stamp…priceless!!!!!!!!!
I am in your debt and thank you immensely.
You are right. The empire will start ww3 to try to survive, sadly there is no chance in hell it will. i feel bad for the few intelligent Americans i know the rest i cant say i respect much or care much about, they are humans though and i pray for their souls.
The empire of terror is dying before our eyes, get ur preps in order and pray is my advice.
Isn’t this exactly what Hitler did? “China announced all was in place for any country in the world to trade oil in yuan and Russia signed up the very next day.”
And the very next day The World Jewish Congress, in America. declared war on Germany. And in England, Churchill also declared that Germany must be destroyed.
Poor old Lord Rothschild was missing out on his banking fees.
Meanwhile back in Australia, under the Menzies government, that is up to about 1964, the exports and imports were balanced, but trade with Japan allowed the Japanese to import their motor cars, mostly a good little car called the Toyota Corolla, which even came with a radio (not fitted, but on the seat so the owner could fir it) and suddenly Australia was opening up trade, and Australia went into debt.
Then in the 1980’s the Treasurer, Paul Keating decided to go against his former position and ‘floated’ the Australian dollar, pegged at US $1:04 and that was when the Aussie dollar dived and when it reached US$0:45 the American big companies simply moved in and bought everything of value, just the same as the carpet-baggers did after their ‘Civil war’, and in Europe after WW2.
It’s called rape! It is also an act of war, but Australia had always been ‘deputy Dawg’ for the US since Christmas 1913.
Australia in the 1980’s also was producing 97% of its own oil, but the terms were fixed to an ‘International Trade figure’, by the Menzies government in about 1964, and after the Nixon deal. the price of Australian petrol skyrocketed. Yes we also paid for our own petrol in US dollars as per the agreement with the oil companies.
Remember ‘Carlos the Jackal and his attack on an OPEC gathering?
Of course today, it is never mentioned that Australia produces 97% of its own petrol, and currently we pay $1:50/1:60 a litre for our own petrol.
For Australia, with friends like the US and the UK who needs enemies!
“… 9% every time dollars are bought or sold…” 9% is an order of magnitude, probably 2 more than I would have guessed. Where does the “9%” come from?
Otherwise, bang on the money, (pardon the pun). The US goes to war to defend the U$ $ystem. The real Empire is financial. That’s what makes it both deniable and so difficult to defeat. Every participant has, quite literally, a vested interest in keeping it going. Even Russia.
I can’t remember where… I was reading an article on China starting to set it’s currency up as a reserve currency (a coupla years at least back) and one thing they did was undercut the US 9% by setting theirs at 5% to make it more attractive.
If I can find the article again, I’ll post the link to it here.
But it’s past pumpkin time here so I’ll look tomorrow.
Thanks. I look forward to seeing it.
Like I say, I’d expect the $system’s “vigorish” to be in the <0.1% region. Whatever the number is, enormous sums flow to the US allowing its govt to spend nearly $1T more than it takes in, but also yields enormous sums for Wall St.
Of course, the real power that flows from owning the $ystem is coercive. The $ystem dictates onerous terms to "non-core" members that keep them at the fringes of development and allows their resources to be exploited by the core group while effectively preventing them to develop as competitors.
Hi Erebus….
Sorry, I’ve been looking for 4+ hours now and I can’t find it. Mainly I think because those numbers are all I remember from the page – as you say they are kinda great big eye-opener WTF’s – let’s not really get rich off everyone! Even finding the when is not so easy… it was after China declared their banks ready to accept yuan for oil trading (2012) and (I think) before they started talking SDR (2014?)
Those were my three “America really won’t like that!” China moments, because until then, China had just been sitting there. Like they didn’t want to be noticed.
I also noticed that a number of pages I accessed years ago are now… 404’d even tho’ the sites are still up. Don’t know it that’s significant. Still, if I come across it again I’ll remember you … it’s not like I get my comments actually featured by websites as a habit.
:-) …. I had to go look up “vigorish.”
Reckon your <0.1% is a pipedream …. these govts and banks have everyone by the short and curlies, they can do what they like. No ways will they screw the likes of you and me (we are the end buyers after all) for a mere point one percent when they can go for ten.
Just think off what 0.1% of international trade amounts to. If I’m in China buying, say chrome ore from Zimbabwe paying $250/T, that’s $0.25/T or about $10k per typical bulk shipment. That’s more than a “pipedream”. At 9%, it would be $22.5/T or almost $1M.
Who is making that kind of money processing the financial transaction? Nobody. Private, retail money changers charge but a couple of points, and a local bank wouldn’t even approach 1%. The guy who did the trade finance probably got 5%, or about 2%/mo.
Who would be mining / selling / buying / shipping that ore if the vigorish was that high?
Nobody.
I think the 9% you remember seeing refers to something other than “… 9% every time dollars are bought or sold”. It may refer to the excess “value” of the USD in currency exchange markets due to systemic demand for int’l trade, but that’s a very different thing.
Well, that is one of the reasons why Trump cancelled the nuclear deal. If more nations ceased using the dollar, then a heap of dollar would return to the US, creating a huge mess which could not be solved. The other reason is that Iran intends to join the Eurasian Economic Union, which would strengthen it immensely. The other candidate – but at a later date – is Germany. Once Eurasia becomes the chief economic and political factor, then the days of the US empire are over. And Wall Street knows it. It will try to prevent this at any price. This is the reason for the conflict with Iran, Russia, China, Syria, North Korea, etc.
Less dollars, more debt, less empire wars! (To state the obvious).
That I believe is the best “hope” of turning this zio con stampede for moar wars, moar regime change.
America is not merely a brat.
The USA is a sociopathic nation that believes it has a God-given right to have its way on every issue of importance…. because they are the Exceptional People.
And if the United States doesn’t get it way, then Americans have a God-sanctioned duty to murder, slaughter, and exterminate any nation until they do get their way.
In short, America is a nuclear-armed sociopathic brat with an inbred sense of entitlement to suck the economic blood of the planet to sustain its precious way of life.
As two beloved American war criminals (George Bush Sr. and Dick Cheney) phrased it in their best gangster-speak: “The American Way of Life is Non-Negotiable.”
Here’s a piece of under-the-radar, but earth-shattering, news that will give the Anglo Americans another reason to soil themselves in impotent rage and handwringing.
The Europeans are apparently going to start purchasing Iranian oil by using the EURO instead of the Dirty Dollar:
“The dollar’s collapse is nearing. The European Union is planning to switch it’s payments to the Euro for its oil purchases from Iran, eliminating United States dollar transactions.
Just one more nail to the US dollar’s coffin. Its collapse is all but imminent at this point.”
Another Day Another Nail In The Coffin: EU To Ditch U.S. Dollar In Payment For Iranian Oil
https://www.silverdoctors.com/headlines/world-news/another-day-another-nail-eu-to-ditch-u-s-dollar-in-payment-for-iranian-oil/
Given that the United States has economically looted much of the planet for decades based not only its Dollar extortion racket but also its malign version of capitalism called the Washington Consensus, the implosion of the American economy because of a Dollar crash would be a richly deserved example of what Malcolm X once called “The Chickens Coming Home to Roost.”
The rogue American Empire will learn up close and personal that Karma indeed is one hell of a bitch.
Remembering articles from the past, the JCPOA was seen as critical to keeping the U$ $ystem running.
Obama in Aug ’15:
” Instead of strengthening our position as some have suggested, Congress’s rejection would almost certainly result in multilateral sanctions unraveling… We’d have to cut off countries like China from the American financial system… trigger(ing) severe disruptions in our own economy and, by the way, rais(ing) questions internationally about the dollar’s role as the world’s reserve currency.”
John Kerry, a few days later:
“”If we turn around and nix the deal and then tell them, ‘you’re going to have to obey our rules and sanctions anyway,’ that is a recipe, very quickly, for the American dollar to cease to be the reserve currency of the world.”
The questions being begged here are:
“Were they speaking truth?”, and
“Has anything materially impacting this changed since then?”, and
“Does Trump et al know this?”.
I’d suggest that the answers are “Yes”, “No, except to exacerbate it”, and “Yes”. If so, there’s agendas diametrically opposed to Cat Pillar’s thesis in play, and they’re playing out as we speak.
If the answers are “Yes”, “No…”, and “No”, Trump’s truly an idiot, and has inadvertently put the U$ $ystem on DO NOT RESUSCITATE by succumbing to the arguments of blind ideologues.
Looking on events from Brussels to Pyongyang, it appears that the first set of answers is right. The U$ $ystem is heading for a reset, with Iran to be used as a pretext for the next steps that will have to be taken.
@Erebus
Sorry for the delay in replying – I was away.
1. “Were they speaking truth?”,
Their words are …. diplo-speak. Both truth and lie.
What they’re saying would/will happen is *likely all true.
The lie is their implication all this will not happen if Congress just signs the deal:
Obama: “Congress’s rejection would almost certainly result in…”
Kerry: “If we .. nix the deal … that is a recipe for…”
All of it is/was going to happen anyway, the deal might stave it off a while but it was never going to stop that train let alone reverse its direction.
China +Russia had already begun their conversion to “own currencies” and were already drawing other countries into that pot. They weren’t going to stop because the US makes a deal to lift their own sanctions against another country. Those two went into this game-changer with their eyes wide open and they aren’t going to stop fullstop. …The only thing that will stop them is their complete annihilation economically +/or militarily.
1. So: “Were they speaking truth?”
No.
2. “Has anything materially impacting this changed since then?”,
Yes. It’s not merely “exacerbated” – it’s just 3 years and the situation has got a seriously whole lot worse. We now see the US grubbing for money all over the planet: sanctioning allies and fining their companies and banks, over-bloated weapons deals, intellectual property deals they agreed to are now ‘unfair’ so pay up, trade deficits that have always been there now matter badly, and – for pity’s sake – pimping out the US army to the Arabs. (That one is just simply humiliating: those guys aren’t even mercs – they’re now a ‘slave army’ hired out to kill on demand without right or cause.) There’s a whole lot more “money-grubbing” going on… everytime Trump & Co opens its mouth now it’s or war or money, and for the US, war is money. (For the Chinese “business is war” and for the Americans “war is business.”)
3. “Does Trump et al know this?”.
Yes. He didn’t know before he got into office – he does now.
The candidate who said he would “just print more” is now the president who breaks his own businessman cardinal rule : never break a contract.
So I don’t think the U$ $ystem is headed for a “reset.” The days of the USD as the only reserve currency are over. The best the US can work for is that it remains a significant or ‘preferred’ reserve currency but already it looks like that’s not enough – and the situation gets worse for them with each passing deal.
There are 4 areas where the US is trying hard to start a war – not another ‘military adventure’ but a war of the type that will allow them to put the country on a war-footing without threat to the US homeland. Iran is one, the others are Ukraine, North Korea and Venezuela. They provoke and each time Russia +/or China move in to put out the fire. When the times comes that “being in the right” is no longer as important as “going to war” they will go to war. What other alternative do they have – to fold their hand and fade away into systemic internal chaos and disruption?
[This is the position the US and UK forced Japan into at the time of WW2. They cut off all energy to Japan and Japan was left with the option : Empire die or Empire war. Dead is dead – War at least, however small, has a chance. They took their chance, bombed Pearl Harbour and lost. Ergo Empire dead.]
I think they will pick Iran… the deal made it harder, but the basics haven’t changed: – far away from home, ballistic missiles that can reach Israel (shame) and maybe Europe (Oops!) but not the US, 2 well-stocked major regional enemies which negate the need for EU/NATO support and close enough to both Russia and China to be a seriously debilitating ‘attrition’ to them. See that ultimatum Pompeo just issued – it’s designed to be rejected. (Hell, all they left out was “and you must teach only American in all your schools in perpetuity!”
[Also, Israel and Saudi are eager allies, Japan and S/Korea are not. Europe re Ukraine certainly is not and Venezuela is too close to the US homeland for comfort.]
*likely
We’d have to cut off countries like China from the American financial system
Hasn’t happened yet – but China (and Russia) are prepared for it.
——————-
Diplospeak:
We’ve seen this diplospeak before, the most dramatic example I can think of was Putin and Crimea 2014. When Putin said he’d ‘sent no troops to Crimea – there were no Russian troops in Crimea.’ The words were true: he’d sent no troops to Crimea (he had 16000 already there to pick from) and the “little green men” we saw in Crimea weren’t “Russian troops” because they weren’t wearing Russian military insignia. They wore none so officially, they were nobody’s troops: they were Crimea’s troops – Crimea had no military and therefore no insignia for “their troops.” ;-)
The words were true but the statement was a lie. … IMO, had Russia backed down, Crimea would be lucky to look like the Donbas today, the BSF would be out of or completely blockaded into Sevastopol and “NATO” would have occupied Crimea and fortified it to the hilt within 6 months. Crimea is a geo-strategic peach nevermind all that oil under/around it. (PS. Diplo cables – as far back as 2006/8 – Clinton and her candyman (Poroshenko) were planning “a diplomatic mission” in Crimea…..)
Cat, thanks for the thoughtful reply.
“All of it is/was going to happen anyway, the deal might stave it off a while but it was never going to stop that train let alone reverse its direction…The lie is their implication all this will not happen if Congress just signs the deal:”
Of course, what can’t go on won’t and everyone knows it, but if you’ve got a good thing going the first imperative is to do nothing to bring it to a stop, and especially not to an abrupt, uncontrolled stop. That that fundamental strategy has apparently been Trumped by ME political considerations and Zionist ideology is what makes the situation dangerous. One worries that things haven’t been thought through.
My point was that the JCPOA helps extend the lifespan of the U$ystem, and so it was imperative that it be executed and maintained. The goal, presumably, would then be to bring “that train” to a controlled stop – aka, a soft(er) landing – over a period of decades. The whole world wants this, but the world is starting to realize that a harsh reality is coming sooner rather than later. That the US is not acting pragmatically, but according to an alien, self-destructive ideology that threatens to pull the temple down over everyone’s heads.
Nevertheless, the US doing a crash ‘n burn train wreck is in no-ones’ interest. The US is at the core of all of the international institutions that run the modern world – and it’s not just the dollar, but extends across 100s of fields from industrial and scientific standards, to trade, governance, legal, educational, humanitarian, military and cultural institutions, etc, etc. An American crash ‘n burn would cut those 100s of institutions, agreements and treaties adrift from their moorings and they would have to be re-constituted to resume their work. Not a small task. It took 100 yrs to build them, and it would probably mean that many of them would simply never be re-constituted. In quite a few cases, that may be a good thing, but the uncertainties surrounding such a collapse would create international chaos and no-one really knows what the world would look like “the day after”.
The other thing that gets forgotten in these discussions is that the collapse of the U$ystem, and specifically the dollar itself, means that every currency necessarily collapses with it. From the Yuan to the Rouble, to the EURO, to the Rand, every currency in the U$ystem is but a derivative of the dollar. There’s more Dollars outside the US than inside. If the dollars that reside overseas, in the various Central Banks’ reserves as well as privately in the reserves of international banks, corporations and even individuals go suddenly worthless, the local currencies necessarily go suddenly worthless with them. Unless the entire U$ystem is also immediately abrogated and some new system, with its 1000s of rules and credit creation processes pops instantly into its place, there will be serious, long-lasting disruptions to the trade that almost all economies are today dependent on. Yes, preparations are underway on bilateral terms amongst a few dozen nations, but there are no multi-lateral preparations that have developed to the point where they can begin to imagine taking up the slack.
That’s just not gonna be allowed to happen, unless extraordinary circumstances pertain. We’re not there yet, and Putin’s primary message when he announced Russia’s new weapons is that there’s no there there. As John Connally told the Europeans when Nixon closed the gold window: “It may be our dollar, but it’s your problem”. He was dead right, and what Trump is now doing is plain, good ol’ brinksmanship in the mould of Nixon’s declaration that the dollar ain’t “good as gold” anymore, and “whachyagonnadoaboudit”? In the event, they did nothing. The gambit worked.
By cancelling the JCPOA, Trump’s daring the Europeans especially, but by extension the rest of the world, to break the dollar and collapse the world’s economy. He’s saying “I double dog dare ya”. It’s the financial/monetary equivalent of MAD, and like the nuclear MAD of the cold war, it’s “held the peace” financially for decades. I’d be surprised if the authors of this move haven’t gamed it out and reached the conclusion that the world will back down again. I’d also be surprised if they gamed it out far enough to understand that the world will now come to the realization that they will have to force the U$ystem to crash ‘n burn to save themselves and will begin working on just that. Their goal, I’d surmise, will be to be ready just prior to the US reaching that moment “When the times comes that “being in the right” is no longer as important as “going to war”…” and thus prevent them from going to war by collapsing the US’ ability to pay for it, if Putin’s message failed to get through.
IOW, “We’d have to cut off countries like China from the American financial system
Hasn’t happened yet – but China (and Russia) are prepared for it.”
I seriously doubt they are across the entire spectrum of what’s required, especially for China who’s current well-being and future plans are utterly dependent on international stability. Rather, I expect that “countries like China” will throw their own dare back at the US and force it to look the other way while the sanctions were broken.
“China +Russia had already begun their conversion to “own currencies” and were already drawing other countries into that pot.”
Currency swaps, as China & Russia and others have instituted can ameliorate the impact of a U$ystem collapse by allowing a trickle of trade to continue flowing. There’s no escaping the radical reduction in liquidity that would follow a $$ crash, but currency swaps will allow trade to keep trickling along and to grow as new systems get created and come on line.
In summary, it ain’t that simple.
Cat sounds like a pretty savvy student of USian geo-politics/reserve currency hegemon.
Hope to “hear” from you again.
V
Some good conversation here. Thanks peeps. I appreciate the knowledge.