The tacit support given by the centre-left to the installation of the regime in Kiev should give them cause for concern
By Francis Lee for the Saker Blog
Politics in the Ukraine can only be understood by reference to its history and ethnic and cultural make-up – a make-up criss-crossed by lasting and entrenched ethnic, cultural and political differences. The country has long been split into the northern and western Ukraine, where Ukrainian is the official and everyday lingua franca, and the more industrialised regions of the east and south where a mixture of Russian speaking Ukrainians and ethnic Russians reside. Additionally, there has long been Hungarian and Romanian settlement in the west of the country, and a particularly important Polish presence, whose unofficial capital, Lviv, was once the Polish city of Lwow. The Russian Orthodox Church is the predominant form of Christianity in the East, whilst in the west the Christian tradition tends towards Roman Catholicism.
Politically the Eastern and Southern Oblasts (Regions) which includes the cities and centres of heavy industry, Kharkov, Lugansk, Donetsk, Zaporozhe, Nikolayev, Kherson, Simferopol and Odessa, have tended to tilt towards Russia whilst the western regions have had a more western orientation. This has traditionally been reflected in the electoral division of the country. There is no party which can be considered ‘national’ in this respect, except ironically, the old Communist party, which of course is now banned. The major regional parties have been the Fatherland party of Yulia Tymoshenko (since renamed) and the former head of government, Arseniy Yatsenyuk as well as the ultra-nationalists predominantly in the west of the country, and the deposed Victor Yanukovich’s Party of the Regions in the East (now defunct) along with its junior partner in the coalition, the Ukrainian Communist Party.
However, what is new since the coup in February 2014 there has been the emergence from the shadows of ultra-nationalist (fascist) parties and movements, with both parliamentary and extra-parliamentary (i.e.,military) wings. In the main ‘Svoboda’ or Freedom Party, and the paramilitaries of ‘Right Sector’ (Fuhrer: Dimitry Yarosh) who spearheaded the coup in Kiev; these have been joined or changed their names to inter alia the Radical Party, and Patriots of the Ukraine; this in addition to the punitive right-wing militias, such as the Azov Regiment responsible for numerous atrocities in the Don Bas.
Suffice it to say, however, that these political movements and parties did not emerge from nowhere.
This far-right tradition has been historically very strong in the western Ukraine. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was first established in 1929 and brought together, war veterans, student fraternities, far-right groups and various other disoriented socially and political flotsam and jetsam under its banner. The OUN took its ideological position from the writings of one, Dymtro Dontsov, who, like Mussolini had been a socialist, and who was instrumental in creating an indigenous Ukrainian fascism based upon the usual mish-mash of writings and theories including Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Sorel, and Charles Maurras. Dontsov also translated the works of Hitler and Mussolini into Ukrainian.
The OUN was committed to ethnic purity, and relied on violence, assassination and terrorism, not least against other Ukrainians, to achieve its goal of a totalitarian and homogeneous nation-state. Assorted enemies and impediments to this goal were Communists, Russians, Poles, and of course – Jews. Strongly oriented toward the Axis powers OUN founder Evhen Konovalets (1891-1938) stated that his movement was ‘’waging war against mixed marriages’’, with Poles, Russians and Jews, the latter which he described as ‘’foes of our national rebirth’’. Indeed, rabid anti-Semitism has been a leitmotif in the history of Ukrainian fascism, which we will return to below.
Konovelts himself was assassinated by a KGB hit-man in 1938 after which the movement split into two wings: (OUN-m) under Andrii Melnyk and, more importantly for our purposes (OUN-b) under Stepan Bandera. Both wings committed to a new fascist Europe. Upon the German invasion in June 1941, the OUN-b attempted to establish a Ukrainian satellite state loyal to Nazi Germany. Stepan Lenkavs’kyi the then chief propagandist of the OUN-b ‘government’ advocated the physical destruction of Ukrainian Jewry. OUN-b’s ‘Prime Minister’ Yaroslav Stets’ko, and deputy to Bandera supported, ‘’the destruction of the Jews and the expedience of bringing German methods of exterminating Jewry to Ukraine, barring their assimilation and the like.’’
During the early days of the rapid German advance into the Soviet Union there were some 140 pogroms in the western Ukraine claiming the lives of between 13000-35000 people (Untermensch, in fascist terminology). In 1943-1944 OUN-b and its armed wing the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska povstanska armia – UPA) carried out large scale ethnic cleansing resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands; this was a particularly gruesome affair in Volhynia where some 90000 Poles and thousands of Jews were murdered. The campaign of the UPA continued well into the 1950s until it was virtually wiped out by the Soviet forces.
It should be said that during this early period Bandera himself had been incarcerated by the German authorities up until his release in 1944, since unlike Bandera they were not enamoured of an independent Ukrainian state but wanted total control. Bandera was only released at this late date since the German high command was endeavouring to build up a pro-German Ukrainian quisling military force to hold up the remorseless advance of the Red Army. Also pursuant to this it is also worth noting that during this period the 14th Galizian Waffen SS Division, a military Ukrainian collaborationist formation established by Heinrich Himmler, was formed to fight the Soviet forces, and yet another being the Nachtingal brigade; (1) this unit was integrated into the 14th Galizian in due course. It is also interesting to note, that every year, and up to 2014 commemoration ceremony including veterans of this unit takes place with a march through Lviv in an evening torchlight parade – genuine Nazi pastiche. The flag of this unit is not dissimilar to the Peugeot logo, the standing lion, and can be seen at ultra-nationalist rallies as well as football matches involving Lviv Karparti FC. There are also numerous statues of Bandera across Ukraine, and since the 2014 coup even street names bearing the same name. Significantly the UPA have now received political rehabilitation from the Kiev Junta, with Bandera declared a hero of the Ukraine and the UPA rebranded as ‘freedom fighters.’ One particularly splendid statue of Bandera stands proudly in Lviv and is usually adorned with flowers.
Other novel attractions the capital of Banderestan include ‘Jewish themed restaurants’ one such is Kryivka (Hideout or Lurking Hole) where guests have a choice of dishes and whose dinning walls are decorated with larger than life portraits of Bandera, the toilet with Russian and Jewish anecdotes. At another Jewish themed restaurant guests are offered black hats of the sort worn by Hasidim. The menu lists no prices for the dishes; instead, one is required to haggle over highly inflated prices ‘’in the Jewish fashion’’. Yes, it’s all good clean fun in Lviv. Anti-Semitism also sells. Out of 19 book vendors on the streets of central Lviv, 16 were openly selling anti-Semitic literature. About 70% of the anti-Semitic publications in Ukraine are being published by and educational institution called MUAP (The Inter-Regional Academy of Personnel Management). MAUP is a large, well-connected and increasingly powerful organization funded from outside anti-Semite sources, and also connected to White Supremacist groups in the USA and to the David Duke, former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.
(It is one of the ironies of history that if the Zionists in AIPAC and the Washington neo-con think tanks, and the Labour Party Friends of Israel, were so concerned about anti-Semitism, they might try looking for it in Lviv. They wouldn’t have to search very far.)
Present day neo-Nazi groupings in Ukraine – Svoboda (Freedom) party and Right Sector – have been the direct descendants from the prior ideological cesspool. Heading Svoboda is Oleh Tyahnybok. Although these are separate organizations Tyahnybok’s deputy Yuriy Mykhalchyshyn is the main link between Svoboda’s official wing and neo-Nazi militias like Right Sector. The Social-Nationalist party as it was formerly known chose as its logo an amended version of the Wolfsangel, a symbol used by many SS divisions on the Eastern front during the war who in 2004 a celebration of the OUN-UPA, stated in 2004, that ‘’they fought against the Muscovite, Germans, Jews and other scum who wanted to take away our Ukrainian state.’’ And further that ‘’Ukraine was ruled by a Muscovite-Jewish mafia.’’ Tyahnybok came under pressure from the then President, Yuschenko, to retract his inflammatory statements, which he did, but he then retracted the retraction!
Given the fact that Svoboda was, apart from its stamping grounds in the west, making little national electoral headway, it was essential to clean up its image and deny its Nazi past. But this was always going to be difficult since the members of such groups cannot help the unscripted outbursts and faux pas which they tend to make and which reveals their true colours. For example, following the conviction and sentencing of John Demjanjuk to five years in jail for his role as an accessory to the murder of 27,900 people at the Sobibor death camp, Tyahnybok travelled to Germany and met up with Demjanjuk’s lawyer, presenting the death camp guard as a hero, a victim of persecution ‘’who is fighting for truth’’.
And so it goes on. We can therefore infer that this organization is inveterate fascist. More disturbing Svoboda has links with the so-called Alliance of National European Movements, which includes: Nationaldemokraterna of Sweden, Front Nationale of France, Fiamma Tricolore in Italy, the Hungarian Jobbik and the Belgian National Front. More importantly Svoboda held several ministerial portfolios in the Kiev administration, and Right Sector swaggers around Kiev streets with impunity, and/or are being drafted into a National Guard to deal with the separatist movements in the east, or to beat down anyone who doesn’t conform to their Ayran racial and political ideals.
One would have thought that this mutating revolution in the Ukraine would have drawn attention of the centre-left to the fact that fascism had gained a vital beachhead in Europe, and that the danger signals should be flashing. But not a bit of it; a perusal of the Guardian newspaper quickly reveals that their chief concern has been with a non-existent ‘Russian threat’. One of their reporters – or old friend, Luke Harding -described Right Sector as an ‘’eccentric group of people with unpleasant right-wing views.’’ Priceless! This must rank as the political understatement of the century. In fact, the Guardian was simply reiterating the US-imposed neo-conservative foreign policy. But naturally, this is par for the course.
- The Nachtingal brigade, which was later incorporated into the SS Galizien, took part in a three-day massacre of the Jewish population of Lvov (now Lviv) from 30 June 1941. Roman Shukhevych was the commander of the Nachtingal and later, in 1943, became commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (the “Banderivtsy”, or UPA/UIA[5] ), armed henchmen of the fascist Stepan Bandera, who after the war pretended that they had fought both Nazis and Communists. Members of the division are also accused of having murdered some 800 residents of the Polish village of Huta Pieniacka and 44 civilians in the village of Chłaniów.
Stepan Bandera statue in Lviv
“It should be said that during this early period Bandera himself had been incarcerated by the German authorities up until his release in 1944, since unlike Bandera they were not enamoured of an independent Ukrainian state but wanted total control. Bandera was only released at this late date since the German high command was endeavouring to build up a pro-German Ukrainian quisling military force to hold up the remorseless advance of the Red Army. ”
There is a section of western Ukraine that has never wanted to be part of some Ukraine (separatist movement) but wanted for centuries to be part of Russia: the Carpatho-Russian province known now as the Zakarpatska Oblast. This is the westernment part of the current landmass known as the Ukraine, and was stolen by Stalin in 1945 from Czechoslovakia, which the people voted to join in 1918 when joining Russia became impossible.
This was where in 1939 a Nazi-affiliated politician named Voloshin seized power and declared, after Czechoslovakja had collapsed, and against the knowledge or wishes of the people, a so-called Carpatho-Ukraine, which lasted for one day before he fled through Romania. This was a specific program of the Nazis including Hitler himself, to create a pretended beachfront of Ukrainianism. Therefore our people have always seen extreme Ukrainianism as a direct ally of Third Reich Nazism.
i do not believe you can find even one pharisee with Semitic roots in the ukraine or other eastern European countries🤷♂️
Using the lying lingua of aipac/adl/zionists/talmudic-pharisees is not becoming of such a great essay imho, just check out the Semitic pharisee tribes in Yemen, Iran and occupied Palestine and it is fairly easy to see that they are not remotely similar to the eastern European usurpers aka “jews that call themselves jews but are not”.
“Anti Semitism” is what the occupying entity “israel” in Palestine practise, i am not an anti Semite bc i am against the zionist entity or eastern European talmudic pharisees and their war crimes🤷♂️ just as the senseless banderist scum murdering of them was not anti Semitic but a evil war crime done by evil/stupid people.
To Per/Norway
Your clarity on the subject is remarkable. Bravo!
Surely you realize that it is perfectly acceptable to CONVERT to Judaism.
“Present day neo-Nazi groupings in Ukraine – Svoboda (Freedom) party and Right Sector – have been the direct descendants from the prior ideological cesspool.”
Irresponsible statement. Present day groupings were trained & exploited by NATO/CIA nexus in Lithuania for the expressed purpose of violence, mayhem and intimidation. All hate was directed at Russia.
OUN was formed in between the wars to fight for Ukrainian rights against the Polish overlords. The vast majority of the members were young, idealistic students fighting for basic language rights. All education was in Polish. Was there a violent element in OUN – of course. Show me any movement without this.
Keep in mind, that the right wing element was not at all present or a factor during the 2004 Orange Revolution of Viktor Yuschenko. The US then used the PORA! protest, based on the OTPOR movement in Yugoslavia & of course, having Chicago based Kathy Chumachenko marry Yuschenko. That game lasted 4 years so the next version had to be better – enter the Right Sektor, Svoboda, etc.
My late parents were both OUN members but they would not identify with the current rabble. They had a cause and they both sat in jail for it. The present edition are nothing but thugs and opportunists.
“One would have thought that this mutating revolution in the Ukraine would have drawn attention of the centre-left to the fact that fascism had gained a vital beachhead in Europe, and that the danger signals should be flashing”. That, alas, is wishful thinking, bearing in mind who financed both communism and fascism.
This article is, on the whole, pretty misleading. It states that “The country has long been split into the northern and western Ukraine”. Not true. The country has, unofficially, been split into the southeastern, central and western regions, ie. into three parts. The eastern and southern parts hold Russian speakers, ie. Russians. Yes, you will find “Ukrainians” among them. The central part, which holds Kiev, is unofficially “Ukrainian”, but fully influenced by the Russian Orthodox Church, which enjoys huge support, not surprising bearing in mind Ukrainians are all of Russian origin. Just to point out that Kiev was the center of the first Russian state, called “Rus”. The western part is made up of the former Galizia, where you will find mixed blood, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish, Baltic and Ukrainian/Russian. The people over there regard themselves as citizens of Ukraine, but not as Ukrainians. They are the ones who provide the bulk of the neo-Nazi elements in Ukraine, who enjoy full protection from the west, being branded as “eccentrics” and not killers.
How powerful are the neo-Nazis in Ukraine ? The question is open to debate. Yes, the Western part is neo-Nazi. The central and southern parts are neo-Nazi solely by the influx of neo-Nazis from the West, backed by some local neo-Nazis. And of course, there are now no neo-Nazis in the East, in the Donbass, the exception being areas outside the Donbass.
As most people know, politics usually depends on the time factor. Far from controlling Ukraine, the neo-Nazis will make their contribution to it’s break up. Ukraine has lost the Crimea and the Donbass. This leaves central, southern and western Ukraine. As I have written before, analysts are stating that it’s only a matter of time before the country breaks up into three parts. Southern Ukraine will join the eastern part, western Ukraine will become an area of contention between Poland, Hungary and Romania. Central Ukraine might briefly exist as a “sovereign” state, but it’s future would be non-existent, as it could not, politically and economically, exist as an independent country. This means that after break-up, the eastern and southern parts will rejoin Russia, eventually joined by central Ukraine. As for the western part, I think the Russians would not care less which EU country grabs it.
Totally correct. The Hungarians want their bit of the Ukraine back and would not mind another attempt. Biden was the one, under the Obama regime, who ordered the Hungarians to stop aiming to take back their bit in 2014. The Slovaks also have a right to take back their own small Transcarpathian bit back.
May I add something? I am pretty sure that Mexicans want California and Texas back. Not speaking of course of Indigenous peoples, who want the land stolen from them by US and Canada also back.
The Orcs wll be shanghai-ing their new recruits.
Zelensky enacts law allowing reservists to be recruited within 24 hours without announcing mobilization
Read more on UNIAN: https://www.unian.info/society/ukraine-defenses-zelensky-enacts-law-allowing-reservists-to-be-recruited-within-24-hours-11395252.html
Europe has enabled and created fascism on other continents. Now Europe has fascism in it’s own backyard. This is what happens, when you enable US imperialist adventures and creating brutal dictatorships in far away places!
Not to mention history of colonialism.
“Black Alliance for Peace: Fascism Born in the Colonies, Not Europe”
https://blackagendareport.com/black-alliance-peace-fascism-born-colonies-not-europe
“….. “the fascism that emerged in Europe did not break from the totalitarian logic and practice of European colonialism. Practices that were applied in the colonies” were now “applied in Europe.” ”
All I can say is this: The chickens have come home to roost as one wise man said.
You’ve got to love the Saker!
People who present Articles need to get their facts right and if they don’t should expect a nasty swipe. And so, I like the fact it is possible to register an opinion contrary to the Author of an Article and it will not be deleted?
In regard to this Article I am in no way an expert but an interested by-stander.
Here we see a few of the fruits that fascism in Ukraine has brought to the people of Donbass.I had wished,but doubted ,that Putin’s speech today would have firmly warned Ukraine to stop the murders (in plain language not vague statements).
https://izwest.livejournal.com/5672641.html
Uncle Bob?
I may be wrong but I didn’t think Putin was at all “Pussying around”, in fact he sounded quite Bolshi to me particularly with Red Lines all over the place?
Do you want him to declare War tonight to make everyone who would like to see Ukraine erased from the Map, feel better? ……. Personally I don’t because that would destroy any credibility he had of being reasonable and consultative.
The US has realised he means business and withdrawn the Ships proposed to be there only a few days ago? It’s the Poms who think “Empire” is still respected and will be humiliated, because if there is any Country which hates Russia more than them I don’t know which one it is and Putin is well aware of that!
It’s clear Putin wants Nord Stream 2 to be completed which will then be a thorn in the side of the US and then Germany once it’s connected will protect it with everything its Industrial Might can use.
In the meantime and that’s just a month or two, Zelenskiy has only a suicidal option to invade the Donbas and after that Russia’s bargaining power will be increase because of Germany.
Why should Putin blow what he has and at the moment it’s Zelenskiy who doesn’t know what to do and unfortunately may panic if Geed-up by London and Washington?
Do you have actual strategic thoughts on this matter?
I don’t recall saying he was Pussying around,I said he was vague,not the same. In the 7 years of posting here I’ve given many ideas of what and how I think things should be done.If you are really interested I recommend you check those out before asking me questions like that.I don’t intent to endlessly repeat myself every time someone thinks they can get a “gotta” moment on me by saying something meaning “so then just what would you do differently”. There are a lot of people here so scared s..tl..s of war that they would sacrifice as many innocent women and children as they need to to avoid it (as long as it’s not their family).Not realizing that the US will never stop until stopped.This should have been ended in 2014,but it wasn’t.And so now we have it still with us today.You would be surprised how many Russians think that same thing,I know I was. I spent hours today reading comments from Russians,and one of the most common themes in those comments was that the Uknonzis should have been dealt with in 2014.I’ve always thought that,but didn’t realize how many Russians also did.
“The flag of this unit is not dissimilar to the Peugeot logo, the standing lion, and can be seen at ultra-nationalist rallies as well as football matches involving Lviv Karparti FC.”
There is also a memorial in Ontario, Canada dedicated to the 14th Waffen SS.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Volodymyr_Ukrainian_Cemetery
a couple actually. who knew that. the wikipedia entry is the most known. edmonton and oakville have statues
Ukraine is Fascism’s public toe-hold in Europe. But its feet are firmly planted in the City of London. It was Anglo Zionazi Capitalism that financed, armed and encouraged the Nazis whom Ukrainian fascists ape today. Zionazi extremists in Palestine (including future Israeli politicians at prime minister level) made overtures to Hitler.
In those days “Herr” Hitler, “Signor” Mussolini and “General” Franco were proclaimed as “our bulwark against Communism”.
correction: The Nachtigall Battalion (English: Nightingale Battalion)
If the original article is corrected this will assist those searching.
These people who go for marches with burning torches are not Fascists. They are mercenaries who are in the pay of the USA and Canada.
You are making the same mistake as those who call the terrorists in Syria “moderate rebels”. They are also mercenaries in the pay of the proxies of the USA and Israel.
Fascism is something else entirely. It is largely about a way of managing the economy.
You are 100% right.
“Fascism” has become a useless word, since people around the world have started to misinterpret and broaden its meaning out of its original and proper context.
“Fascism” has always been only an Italian thing.
All these people around the world that keep talking of “fascism” and know nothing about how it really was in 1930s Italy… just make me laugh.
The utter hypocrisy over anti-Semites the Zionists support in Kiev, or coddle in their midst in Canada…
If the economic tables are turned, these countries should be subjected to painful economic sanctions for the crime of supporting Nazis.
The British sent many former members of the Galizian SS to be settled in Canada after the war,thats why we find many of the sons and grandsons of that Nazi trash in Canada today.
“The British sent many former members of the Galizian SS..”
Perhaps you are misrepresenting matters through subsumption, conflation and omission.
You apparently subsume members of the Galician Division into the Galician SS and hence affect a conflation in some assay.
The omission is describing “intelligence relations” and hence agency/complicity by Canada on the basis of regulations contingent on Canada’s dominion status 1867 and subsequent, which also related to other types of colonies within the British Empire.
The Canadian government were both in agreement with, and complicit in, the sending of members of both the Galician Division and some members of the SS who had been active in Galicia and elsewhere, including as participants in the wars in Ukraine from 1943 until 1954, and the facilitation of these people’s integration in Canada and elsewhere, although public assertions have been made to the contrary.
This process of export/integration was not restricted to Canada but was also significant in Australia, England and Scotland where “Polish” and Ukrainian troops were demobbed (perhaps an oxymoron?), and South Africa, where policies of preferences for “white immigrants” were pronounced.
Somebody in the background,—not necessarily “Russia” or the “Jewry” would like to see all the land which is now “Ukraine” depopulated and resettled,—most of it by people from Russia, some of it by people from Poland, and some smaller parts by people from Hungary and Romania.
The Russian-speaking rebels in Donbass are encouraged to be the tip of the spear for this program,
to be the “manifest destiny settlers” like the civilized European settlers in the Western Hemisphere.
The commotion about Ukrainian fascists and nazis is basically a red herring. Historically any political manifestation by Ukrainians was targeted for complete destruction, no matter what the form of it. Thus in the 1700s the Zaporozh Cossacks of Ukraine, completely thoroughly Orthodox, were nonetheless obliterated
by the imperial Russian regime, in the early 1930s the completely thoroughly communist Ukrainians were also obliterated while Ukraine was partly depopulated and resettled by Russians in the so-called Holodomor program, and today the agitation and commotion is regarding the Ukrainians being “fascists” but far worse
than say the German fascists.—Some years ago like in the 2004s I encountered a Russian author from the Crimea whose approach in a fictional work about a German concentration camp portrayed the Germans as civilized nonetheless, while the Ukrainian collaborators were simply the real murders and savages. Implication was that Russians could even work with the German fascists as long as it was jointly against Ukrainians.
So if much is said about Ukrainian Russophobia, what of Russian Ukrainophobia?—It was an attitude the same as would be the attitude of Western European settlers toward the indigenous people of the Americas.
It really looks like according to certain “powers that be” in the background, which is not necessarily “Russia” or “Khazars” but maybe some sort of “deep state”, certain nations are simply deemed “legitimate” no matter what they do,—like no matter how many people they end up murdering, or when those nations arise, like united Germany-Deutschland in 1871, united Italia around that same time als,—while others are simply never legitimate, are on the “wrong side of history” and simply should not exist in the first place and should not occupy land which is coveted for settlement by the legitimate others.
“Dymtro Dontsov”
An English language intellectual biography of Mr. Dontsov in 654 pages:
Title Ukrainian Nationalism in the age of extremes.
Author : Trevor Erlacher
is due to be published by Harvard Ukrainian Institute on 25/06/2021.
It seems the WW1 joke in the Austro-Hungarian army in WW1 – “This war is about Galizia – the losing country gets to keep it” is still apposite. The “Lower Slobbovia” of the Li’l Abner cartoons seems to have been modelled on Galizia – very poor, very bigoted, very oppressed, very cold, very superstitious, terrified people living abject lives.
Francis Lee is to be commended for using the German “z” – Galizia, pronounced Galitsiya – to distinguish it from the province of North-Western Spain, Galicia (pronounced Galithia). Oddly, Galithia was the adored homeland of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, Caudillo de España por la Gloria de Dios. Does something in the name encourage Catholic Fascism?
Kakanian Galizia was heavily Jewish, and provided, as AJP Taylor pointed out, Franz Josef with his most loyal subjects (Kakania, for all its faults, didn’t have pogroms). It was split between the successor states of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland after 1918, and then transferred to the Ukraine after 1945. Robert Maxwell, Ghislane’s father, was from the Czechoslovak portion, and earned his (British) Military Cross after (first) joining the Czech resistance: his family had been murdered, only he escaped.
I’ve been to Odessa and points south on a heavily propagandised cruise. The coast was a slave coast for the Ottomans, with slaving forts like the ones established on the West African coast by West Europeans. The area was conquered by a Russian army led by the famous Suvorov as late as 1798, when it had been almost completely depopulated. It was resettled by Russians and some Romanians. In contrast to the many bookstores in Lemberg/Lwow/Lviv mentioned by Francis Lee, guides could not direct me to a single one in Odessa.
The sooner the area is re-incorporated into Russia, the better for its inhabitants